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Max
Developer(s)Cycling '74
Stable release
Written inC, C++ (on JUCE platform)
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows, macOS
TypeMusic and multimedia development
LicenseProprietary
Websitecycling74.com/products/max/
Max
Cycling '74
Max 7
Paradigmvisual, flow-based, declarative, domain-specific
DeveloperCycling '74
Stable release
Websitecycling74.com/products/max/

Max, also known as Max/MSP/Jitter, is a visual programming language for music and multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco-based software company Cycling '74. Over its more than thirty-year history, it has been used by composers, performers, software designers, researchers, and artists to create recordings, performances, and installations.[1]

The Max program is modular, with most routines existing as shared libraries. An application programming interface (API) allows third-party development of new routines (named external objects). Thus, Max has a large user base of programmers unaffiliated with Cycling '74 who enhance the software with commercial and non-commercial extensions to the program. Because of this extensible design, which simultaneously represents both the program's structure and its graphical user interface (GUI), Max has been described as the lingua franca for developing interactive music performance software.[2]

History[edit]

1980s:Miller Puckette began work on Max in 1985, at the Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM) in Paris.[3][4] Originally called The Patcher, this first version provided composers with a graphical interface for creating interactive computer music scores on the Macintosh. At this point in its development Max couldn't perform its own real-time sound synthesis in software, but instead sent control messages to external hardware synthesizers and samplers using MIDI or a similar protocol.[5] Its earliest widely recognized use in composition was for Pluton, a 1988 piano and computer piece by Philippe Manoury; the software synchronized a computer to a piano and controlled a Sogitec 4X for audio processing.[6]

In 1989, IRCAM developed Max/FTS ('Faster Than Sound'), a version of Max ported to the IRCAM Signal Processing Workstation (ISPW) for the NeXT. Also known as 'Audio Max', it would prove a forerunner to Max's MSP audio extensions, adding the ability to do real-time synthesis using an internal hardware digital signal processor (DSP) board.[7][8] The same year, IRCAM licensed the software to Opcode Systems.[9]

1990s:Opcode launched a commercial version named Max in 1990, developed and extended by David Zicarelli. However, by 1997, Opcode was considering cancelling it. Instead, Zicarelli acquired the publishing rights and founded a new company, Cycling '74, to continue commercial development.[10][11][12] The timing was fortunate, as Opcode was acquired by Gibson Guitar in 1998 and ended operations in 1999.[13]

IRCAM's in-house Max development was also winding down; the last version produced there was jMax, a direct descendant of Max/FTS developed in 1998 for Silicon Graphics (SGI) and later for Linux systems. It used Java for its graphical interface and C for its real-time backend, and was eventually released as open-source software.

Various synthesizers and instruments connected to Max.

Meanwhile, Puckette had independently released a fully redesigned open-source composition tool named Pure Data (Pd) in 1996, which, despite some underlying engineering differences from the IRCAM versions, continued in the same tradition. Cycling '74's first Max release, in 1997, was derived partly from Puckette's work on Pure Data. Called Max/MSP ('Max Signal Processing', or the initials Miller Smith Puckette), it remains the most notable of Max's many extensions and incarnations: it made Max capable of manipulating real-time digital audio signals without dedicated DSP hardware. This meant that composers could now create their own complex synthesizers and effects processors using only a general-purpose computer like the Macintosh PowerBook G3.

In 1999, the Netochka Nezvanova collective released NATO.0+55+3d, a suite of externals that added extensive real-time video control to Max.

2000s:Though NATO.0+55+3d became increasingly popular among multimedia artists, its development stopped abruptly in 2001. SoftVNS, another set of extensions for visual processing in Max, was released in 2002 by Canadian media artist David Rokeby. Cycling '74 released their own set of video extensions, Jitter, alongside Max 4 in 2003, adding real-time video, OpenGL graphics, and matrix processing capabilities. Max 4 was also the first version to run on Windows. Max 5, released in 2008, redesigned the patching GUI for the first time in Max's commercial history.

2010s:In 2011, Max 6 added a new audio engine compatible with 64-bit operating systems, integration with Ableton Live sequencer software, and an extension called Gen, which can compile optimized Max patches for higher performance.[14] Max 7 was released in 2014 and focused on 3D rendering improvements.[15]

On June 6, 2017, Ableton announced its purchase of Cycling '74, with Max continuing to be published by Cycling '74 and David Zicarelli remaining with the company.[16]

On September 25, 2018 Max 8, the most recent major version of the software, was released.[17] Some of the new features include MC, a new way to work with multiple channels, JavaScript support with Node for Max, and Vizzie 2.[18]

Language[edit]

Screenshot of an older Max/Msp interface.

Max is named after composer Max Mathews, and can be considered a descendant of his MUSIC language, though its graphical nature disguises that fact. Like most MUSIC-N languages, Max distinguishes between two levels of time: that of an event scheduler, and that of the DSP (this corresponds to the distinction between k-rate and a-rate processes in Csound, and control rate vs. audio rate in SuperCollider).

The basic language of Max and its sibling programs is that of a. Hopes&Fears. Retrieved 2018-09-16.

  • ^Place, T.; Lossius, T. (2006). 'A modular standard for structuring patches in Max'(PDF). Jamoma. New Orleans, US: In Proc. of the International Computer Music Conference 2006. pp. 143–146. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  • ^'Synthetic Rehearsal: Training the Synthetic Performer'(PDF). Retrieved 2018-08-22.Cite journal requires journal= (help)[permanent dead link][dead link]
  • ^'Synthetic Rehearsal: Training the Synthetic Performer'. ICMC. 1985. Retrieved 2018-09-19.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
  • ^Puckette, Miller S. (11 August 1988). 'The Patcher'(PDF). ICMC. Retrieved 2018-08-22.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
  • ^Puckette, Miller S. 'Pd Repertory Project - History of Pluton'. CRCA. Archived from the original on 2004-07-07. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  • ^'A brief history of MAX'. IRCAM. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03.
  • ^'Max/MSP History - Where did Max/MSP come from?'. Cycling74. Archived from the original on 2009-06-09. Retrieved March 3, 2012.

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  • ^The Contemporary Violin: Extended Performance Techniques By Patricia Strange, Allen Strange Accessed 10 September 2018
  • ^Battino, David; Richards, Kelli (2005). The Art of Digital Music. Backbeat Books. p. 110. ISBN0-87930-830-3.
  • ^'About Us'. Cycling74.com. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  • ^'FAQ Max4'. Cycling74.com. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  • ^'Harmony Central News'. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  • ^'GEN - Extend the power of Max'. Cycling74.com.
  • ^'Max 7 is Patching Reimagined'. Cycling '74. 2014.
  • ^A conversation with David Zicarelli and Gerhard Behles, Peter Kirn - June 6, 2017 Accessed 10 September 2018
  • ^'Article: Max 8 is here Cycling '74'. cycling74.com. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  • ^'What's New in Max 8? Cycling '74'. cycling74.com. Retrieved 2019-01-13.

    • External links[edit]

    Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_(software)&oldid=956872788'

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